Two months after DeepSeek, China’s artificial intelligence star, rattled Washington and shook Wall Street, U.S. officials are taking steps to crack down on the Chinese start-up and its support from America’s leading chip maker, Nvidia.

中國人工智慧領域的明星企業DeepSeek給華盛頓和華爾街帶來震動兩個月後，美國官員正採取措施打擊這家中國初創企業，並讓它無法得到美國領先的晶片製造商英偉達的支持。

The Trump administration this week moved to restrict Nvidia’s sale of A.I. chips to China. It also is weighing penalties that would block DeepSeek from buying U.S. technology and debating barring Americans’ access to its services, said three people with knowledge of the actions who spoke on the condition of anonymity.

川普政府本週採取行動，限制英偉達向中國出售AI晶片。三名不願透露姓名的知情人士表示，政府還在考慮實施處罰措施，以阻止DeepSeek購買美國技術，並且在討論禁止美國人使用它的服務。

Congressional leaders are also putting pressure on Nvidia. On Wednesday, the House Select Committee on the Chinese Communist Party, which focuses on national security threats from China, opened an investigation into Nvidia’s sale of chips across Asia. It is trying to assess whether the U.S. chip maker knowingly provided DeepSeek with critical technology to develop A.I., potentially in violation of U.S. rules.

國會領導人也在向英偉達施壓。週三，眾議院中共問題特設委員會對英偉達在亞洲各地的晶片銷售情況展開了調查，該委員會專注於應對來自中國的國家安全威脅。他們試圖評估這家美國晶片製造商是否明知故犯，向DeepSeek提供了開發人工智慧的關鍵技術，此舉可能違反了美國法規。

It is the first congressional investigation into Nvidia’s business. It comes as the Trump administration wrestles with how to carry out a Biden-era rule that limits the number of A.I. chips that companies can send to different countries.

這是國會首次對英偉達業務進行調查。與此同時，川普政府一直在想方設法落實拜登時代的一項規定，該規定限制了美國企業向不同國家出口人工智慧晶片的數量。

The attacks on DeepSeek and Nvidia are an outgrowth of fear in Washington that China could leapfrog the United States in A.I., which would have wide-ranging implications for national security and geopolitics. If China took the lead, it could more quickly use A.I. systems to design next-generation weapons like autonomous missiles and drones. It also could persuade other countries to use its technology for their network of A.I. systems and infrastructure, weakening U.S. influence across the world.

華盛頓對DeepSeek和英偉達採取行動源於對中國在人工智慧領域可能超越美國的擔憂，而這將對國家安全和地緣政治產生廣泛影響。如果中國領先，就能更快地利用人工智慧系統設計下一代武器，如自主導彈和無人機。中國還可以說服其他國家在它們的人工智慧系統和基礎設施網路中使用中國的技術，從而削弱美國在全球的影響力。

Klon Kitchen, a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute who focuses on national security and technology, said the United States’ strategy with A.I. had been to use its current lead in making A.I. chips and systems to persuade countries to ally with it.

美國企業研究所研究國家安全和技術的高級研究員克朗·基欽表示，美國的人工智慧戰略一直是利用自己目前在製造人工智慧晶片和系統方面的領先地位來說服各國與其結盟。

The competition between Washington and Beijing for technological supremacy has scrambled the semiconductor business. In the wake of the Trump administration’s crackdown on chip sales to China this week, Nvidia and another chip maker, Advanced Micro Devices, said they would lose billions of dollars in sales. ASML Holding, the Dutch company whose machines are essential for manufacturing the most advanced semiconductors, said on Wednesday that orders for its equipment had fallen short of expectations.

華盛頓和北京之間的技術霸權之爭已經擾亂了半導體行業。在川普政府本週打擊對華晶片銷售後，英偉達和另一家晶片製造商AMD表示將損失數十億美元銷售額。荷蘭阿斯麥生產的設備對於製造最先進的半導體至關重要，該公司週三表示，訂單情況不及預期。

On Wednesday, shares of Nvidia, AMD and ASML fell more than 6 percent.

週三，英偉達、AMD和阿斯麥的股價跌幅均超過6%。

A Nvidia spokesman John Rizzo said the company followed the U.S. government’s directions on what products it could sell and where it could sell them “to the letter."

英偉達發言人約翰·裡佐表示，該公司「嚴格」遵循了美國政府關於可以銷售哪些產品以及在哪裡銷售的指示。

“Nvidia protects and enhances national security by creating U.S. jobs and infrastructure, promoting U.S. technology leadership, bringing billions of dollars of tax revenue to the U.S. treasury and alleviating the massive U.S. trade deficit,” Mr. Rizzo said.

裡佐稱：「通過創造美國就業崗位和建設基礎設施、提升美國的技術領先地位、為美國國庫帶來數十億美元的稅收收入，以及緩解美國巨大的貿易逆差，英偉達維護和增強了美國的國家安全。」

In January, DeepSeek jolted the tech industry after the release of a new A.I. system, DeepSeek-V3, which it claimed to have trained for $6 million, roughly a tenth of what U.S. companies were spending.

The low-cost system challenged the industry’s consensus that bigger and better A.I. systems would be built by companies that spent the most on chips and data centers. Shares of Nvidia, which controls the A.I. chip market, plummeted 17 percent in a single day, reducing its market valuation by $600 billion.

“DeepSeek’s claims sent everyone through the roof because it showed we’re one moment away from the centerpiece of American policy being undermined,” Mr. Kitchen said.

基欽表示：「DeepSeek的說法讓所有人都大跌眼鏡，因為這表明美國政策的核心幾近被毀。」

At a conference with industry executives in Washington in March, Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick, who oversees U.S. technology controls, said the Trump administration would pursue “a dramatic increase” in enforcement of U.S. tech restrictions on China, including imposing fines on companies.

今年3月，在華盛頓與行業高管舉行的一次會議上，負責監管美國技術控制的商務部長霍華德·盧特尼克表示，川普政府將「大幅增加」美國對華技術限制措施的執行力度，包括對企業處以罰款。

“We have had enough of people trying to make a dollar supporting the people who seek to destroy our way of life,” Mr. Lutnick said, referring to China.

盧特尼克在提到中國時表示：「我們受夠了那些人，他們為了賺錢而支持那些試圖摧毀我們生活方式的人。」

Last week, Mr. Lutnick made good on his promise. The Commerce Department notified Nvidia of new restrictions on its sale of A.I. chips to China. The limits mean Nvidia will need a license to sell a chip they specially made for China, the H20. The company had developed that chip by modifying the abilities of a leading A.I. chip, the H100, to comply with the Biden administration’s performance thresholds for sales to China.

上週，盧特尼克兌現了他的承諾。美國商務部通知英偉達，將對其向中國出售人工智慧晶片實施新的限制。根據相關措施，英偉達銷售專門為中國市場定製的H20晶片時需要獲得許可證。該公司通過修改一款領先的人工智慧晶片H100的性能，開發出了H20晶片，以符合拜登政府對向中國銷售晶片設定的性能門檻。

The crackdown on Nvidia came after White House and Commerce Department officials received briefings in recent weeks about the national security risk posed by DeepSeek. The briefings included details about the ties that some of its researchers have to the People’s Liberation Army and other institutions in China sanctioned for aiding the Chinese military, a person familiar with the conversations said.

在對英偉達採取打擊措施之前，白宮和美國商務部官員最近幾週聽取了有關DeepSeek所構成的國家安全風險的彙報。一位知情人士稱，彙報內容包括DeepSeek的部分研究人員與中國人民解放軍，以及其他因為協助中國軍方而受到制裁的中國機構的關係細節。

The findings, which were compiled by Exiger, a data analytics firm, and reviewed by The New York Times, showed that dozens of DeepSeek’s researchers have or have previously had affiliations with P.L.A. laboratories or defense-research institutes in China. They had worked with groups that included an institute that develops and tests China’s nuclear weapons, universities known as the “seven sons of national defense” and organizations barred from buying American technology by the U.S. government.

由數據分析公司Exiger整理、《紐約時報》核實的調查顯示，DeepSeek的數十名研究人員與中國軍方的實驗室或國防研究機構擁有或曾經擁有合作關係。他們的合作對象包括一家研發和測試中國核武器的研究所、被稱為「國防七子」的高校，以及被美國政府禁止購買美國技術的組織。

It is common for private companies in China to have close ties to state-backed industries and create technology for state-funded projects. But the research indicates that DeepSeek, which claims to be a private company not linked with the state, has closer ties with the Chinese military and government than previously understood, said Kit Conklin, a senior vice president at Exiger, who wrote the report.

中國的民營企業常與國家支持的行業保持密切關係，並為國家資助的項目開發技術。但研究表明，自稱與政府無關的民營企業DeepSeek與中國軍方和政府的關係比以前所了解的更為密切，撰寫該報告的Exiger公司高級副總裁基特·康克林說。

DeepSeek did not respond to a request for comment.

DeepSeek沒有回應置評請求。

In February, the congressional committee on China began work on a separate report seeking to explain how DeepSeek made its technological leap. It cited estimates by SemiAnalysis, a semiconductor research firm, that DeepSeek had access to 60,000 Nvidia chips, including 20,000 that have been restricted from China.

今年2月，前述國會中國問題特設委員會開始撰寫另一份報告，試圖解釋DeepSeek是如何實現技術飛躍的。該委員會援引半導體研究公司SemiAnalysis的估計稱，DeepSeek獲得了6萬枚英偉達晶片，其中2萬枚屬於對華禁售範圍。

The committee said that DeepSeek and other Chinese A.I. companies may have circumvented U.S. restrictions on buying Nvidia chips by purchasing them through intermediaries in Singapore. It cited a report by Reuters in February, that Singaporean authorities arrested three people for illegally exporting advanced Nvidia chips to DeepSeek in China.

該委員會表示，DeepSeek和其他中國人工智慧公司可能通過新加坡的中間商買到晶片，從而規避了美國對購買英偉達晶片的限制。它還援引了路透社2月份的一篇報導，稱新加坡當局逮捕了三人，原因是他們非法將先進的英偉達晶片出口到中國的DeepSeek公司。

In the letter opening its investigation into Nvidia, the committee asked the company to provide details about every customer from 11 Asian countries, including Malaysia and Singapore, who purchased 500 A.I. chips or more since 2020. It also asked for details about the companies who were expected to use those chips.

在致英偉達的調查啟動函中，委員會要求該公司提供自2020年以來，來自馬來西亞、新加坡等11個亞洲國家購買500塊以上AI晶片的客戶詳情，以及預計使用這些晶片的公司的詳細信息。

The committee has subpoena power and expects Nvidia to provide responses within two weeks, said a committee official who spoke on the condition of anonymity. It typically spends more than four months on an investigation before generating a report on an issue and calling a hearing, which it may do with Nvidia.

該委員會一位不願透露姓名的官員稱，委員會有權發出傳票，並期望英偉達在兩週內做出答覆。該委員會通常會花四個多月的時間進行調查，然後就某一問題形成報告並召開聽證會，對英偉達可能也會這樣做。

The investigation comes as the Trump administration evaluates a proposed government rule to provide more oversight over Nvidia’s global chip sales. The Biden administration rule, which Mr. Lutnick and other Trump officials are reviewing, would dictate where A.I. chips could be shipped and require more disclosures about the customers using American technology.

在此項調查進行的同時，川普政府正在評估一項政府擬議規定，該規定旨在加強對英偉達全球晶片銷售的監督。盧特尼克和其他川普政府官員正在評估的這項拜登政府時期的規定，將限制人工智慧晶片可以售往哪些地方，並要求對使用美國技術的客戶進行更多披露。

Tech companies have protested the rules, saying they threaten sales and U.S. technology influence around the world.

科技公司對這些規定提出了抗議，稱它們威脅到了在全球的銷售和美國技術的影響力。